{"id":1103,"date":"2023-11-30T20:49:41","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T20:49:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/?p=1103"},"modified":"2023-12-08T17:52:54","modified_gmt":"2023-12-08T17:52:54","slug":"covid-19-and-built-environment-preferences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/covid-19-and-built-environment-preferences\/","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 and Built Environment Preferences"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1103\" class=\"elementor elementor-1103\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c98728 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c98728\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd2284a\" data-id=\"bd2284a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f025c16 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f025c16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe title=\"Report Section\" width=\"900\" height=\"796\" src=\"https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/view?r=eyJrIjoiM2E3MjQ4NzQtZGFkMi00NWRkLTgzODgtNzk4YzQ4NTg1YzIwIiwidCI6ImY2YjZkZDViLWYwMmYtNDQxYS05OWEwLTE2MmFjNTA2MGJkMiIsImMiOjZ9\" frameborder=\"0\" allowFullScreen=\"true\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec32a53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec32a53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30e7a3e\" data-id=\"30e7a3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae0c4c8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae0c4c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Overview<\/b><\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compact development \u2013 characterized by high densities, more multi-family residential use, and effective public transit \u2013 offers many benefits of interest to the public. This includes improving sustainability, and offering lifestyle advantages, such as greater opportunities for socialization, and easy access to amenities. However, given the recent pandemic, the public may be concerned about living in compact areas that are known to have more frequent and longer person to person interactions than less dense areas. Given this, public support for compact development may change. To study this relationship between perceived concern for COVID-19 transmission and public support for compact development, we conducted a national online survey in April 2022.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1389 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1260\" height=\"1264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1.jpg 1260w, https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1-1021x1024.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Map-Seattle1-768x770.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Figure 1. Seattle Metropolitan Area in Washington State, USA.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Concern of COVID-19 Transmission Suggests Less Support for Compact Development Policies<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the respondents, 31.1% expressed great or very great concern, 34.3% expressed moderate concern, and 34.7% expressed no concern or slight concern for COVID-19 transmission. A correlational analysis reveals a relationship between perceived concern and those who live in areas with high density, who use both sources of COVID-19 information, have a lower income, and have higher education.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A lack of public support for compact development suggests preference for more interpersonal space to limit interpersonal interactions in the built environment to reduce the risk of virus transmission. Thus, it is likely that another wave of COVID-19 infections or a new viral infection may result in further decrease in support for compact growth.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These findings are somewhat concerning because the perceived threat of disease transmission associated with compact development is likely to result in decreased public support for such policies. To ensure continued public support, urban policy makers will need to allay public fear of virus transmission in compact built environments by incorporating public health measures for controlling virus transmission in existing and future developments.<\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Other Determinants of Support for Compact Development Policies: <\/strong><\/p><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Structural equation model (SEM) results showed that concern for COVID-19 transmission and single-family residence type were negatively related to support for compact development. Among respondents\u2019 county characteristics, population density had no relationship, but COVID-19 caseload was positively related to support for compact development. Both sources of COVID-19 information were negatively related to support for compact development. Among the demographic variables, age and household income were positively related to support for compact development. No statistically significant relationship was present between either gender or household income, and support for compact development.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4122786\">https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4122786<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c60f3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c60f3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\"><b>Funded by: XXX<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><strong style=\"font-style: inherit; background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\">PI: Himanshu Grover;\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\"><b>Co PI:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview Compact development \u2013 characterized by high densities, more multi-family residential use, and effective public transit \u2013 offers many benefits of interest to the public. This includes improving sustainability, and offering lifestyle advantages, such as greater opportunities for socialization, and easy access to amenities. However, given the recent pandemic, the public may be concerned about [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1103"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1392,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1103\/revisions\/1392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himanshugrover.com\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}